Technological advances have made it possible for a vehicle to run without a driver, but is a driverless future actually desirable? Volvo Trucks says that making vehicles more autonomous is perhaps not a question of excluding drivers, but rather of emphasizing their importance.
The history of autonomous vehicles dates back to 1970s Japan, and various projects are currently underway at universities, research institutes and high-tech companies around the world. Hundreds of thousands of driverless kilometres have been clocked up, and proponents of the technology believe that such vehicles will increase road capacity, reduce congestion, and most importantly improve road safety by eliminating driver error. The tech liberals argue that if 90 percent of accidents are due to the human factor – as statistics indicate – why not completely take the driver out of the equation? Opponents, meanwhile, raise concerns about the fallibility of the computerized systems. And who is legally responsible if one of these unmanned vehicles causes an accident?
Automated systems like sensors, cameras and radar for monitoring the traffic situation and the vehicle's surroundings are regarded by many as having some advantages over humans, but Carl Johan Almqvist at Volvo Trucks believes the safest approach is to combine the automated system's 360-degree awareness with the professional driver's knowledge and experience.
“We believe in the driver and appreciate that the human brain can make decisions that automatic systems struggle with,” he says. “The computer never gets tired, but it can only do things for which it is programmed. As soon as you are outside of normal situations, that is where the driver's skill comes in. Drivers are often best placed to assess a situation and to choose between slowing down, panic braking or driving round an obstacle.”
Volvo Trucks is therefore working on systems that support drivers in situations where they are under-stimulated, such as when stuck in a traffic jam. “When you are moving slowly your mind wanders, you aren't focused on driving and if the car in front suddenly stops, you might hit it,” says Almqvist. “These are situations where it's a good idea to support the driver.”
Volvo's vision of combining a well-trained professional driver with increased automation is being realized through the SARTRE (Safe Road Trains for the Environment) project. The idea behind the project – of which Volvo is a part through its centre for research and innovation, Volvo Technology – is to develop a technology for vehicle platooning – that is, a convoy where a professional driver in a lead vehicle drives a line of other vehicles. Each vehicle in the convoy measures the distance, speed and direction to the car in front, and adjusts accordingly. The vehicles are not physically attached to each other and can leave the procession at any time. But once in the platoon, the following drivers can relax and do other things while the platoon proceeds towards its destination under the expert guidance of the lead driver.
Platooning is expected to deliver a number of benefits: road safety will improve as the human factor is minimized; fuel consumption – and therefore also CO2 emissions – will be reduced by up to 20 percent; road congestion will be reduced as vehicles will be only a few metres apart; and the drivers of the following vehicles will be able to rest, work or eat.
The technology has been successfully tested with one car following the lead vehicle. Public acceptance and the relevant legislation may, however, be longer in coming. Volvo Trucks participates in several technologically-driven project such as SARTRE, since the outcome and lessons from such projects are always regarded as valuable knowledge.
“Safety is one of Volvo's core values, so we are investing considerable effort in automation while doing it in the safest possible way,” says Almqvist. “The technology is moving quickly, but getting it to work in a safe way with a human being is our ultimate aim. You should feel as safe as you do when driving yourself, even if it is a computer that is doing the work.”
Carl Johan Almqvist points to the autopilot systems used in aviation as a more realistic way forward for the road transport industry. “Today you can push a button and fly on autopilot from when you leave the gate until your arrival at the other end,” he says. “But you still have a pilot. Two, in fact.”
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